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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people with ADHD also have comorbid disorders like major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients do not respond to depression medications and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. The most effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD are those that boost and regulate levels of certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are commonly prescribed. Medicines Adults can use many medications that are used for ADHD in children. However the dosages are different and the drugs may cause adverse effects that aren't common in children. The doctor will examine the medical history, family health history and other factors of the individual to determine which drug is the best for them. The most commonly used type of ADHD medication is a stimulant. It is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers in the brain, namely norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate and dextro-amphetamine (commonly known as Adderall) increase the availability of these neurotransmitters, which can improve focus and decrease impulsivity and aggression. They come in many forms like chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable as they result in better patient compliance and longer lasting, smoother improvement in symptoms. It is crucial to keep in mind that comorbidities like depression and anxiety disorders can alter the effectiveness of ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these psychiatric problems be treated first, and medications be used as a secondary measure. The medications that can be utilized for comorbid mood disorders are atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants as well as bupropion (Wilens, 2004).). Some patients may exhibit an “rebound” effect where they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these instances an experiment of a short duration with a low-dose stimulant medication may be beneficial. Some people cannot tolerate stimulant drugs or are not able to take them due to addiction or other health conditions, for example, heart problems that are severe or hypertension. In these situations, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These medications don't cause the same high rates of side effects as stimulants and have less risk of abuse and diversion. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be helpful for those suffering from ADHD. It can help those who suffer from ADHD learn to improve their lives, deal with anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, or deal with issues in their relationships or at work. It can also assist those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing like depression and substance use disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), mind-body cognitive therapy, as well as schema therapy. These therapies are based on the notion that a person's beliefs and attitudes affect how they think, feel and behave. CBT assists a person to recognize negative behaviors and thinking patterns, and then develops and implements strategies to alter these patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy uses meditation techniques to teach a person how to concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, manage their impulses, and improve their executive functioning. treatment of add , and other forms psychotherapy that focus on a person’s family history can be beneficial for people suffering from ADHD. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can assist with specific ADHD issues, such as difficulty keeping up with schoolwork or getting along with others. It can also assist with forgetting important dates and responsibilities, and making impulsive choices that could lead to legal and financial problems. It can assist a person overcome issues of the underlying nature, such as anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist a person to develop healthy coping methods and reduce stress through exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to a family or partner member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help families and couples learn to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients to change their negative patterns of thinking. It involves a skill-based dialog with an expert in mental health to identify the root causes of the symptoms. The aim of this therapy is to correct impairments and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the daily routine of the client. In addition, they teach clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT assist them in developing skills that allow them to replace unhelpful thinking with more productive ones. The process can be long. But it is an effective option for adults who are not getting adequate relief from medication. In a recent RCT that was conducted, it was discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy combined with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy on its own in terms of improving the core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem, and social functioning in adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is especially beneficial for those suffering from more severe underlying problems. The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically work with the client to devise a detailed action plan for addressing their problems. They train them in a series of practical skills that are simple to master and have a high chance of success. Typically, a chart system is used to monitor the progress of a child and reward positive behavior. In the case of an infant, this could include a daily report that lists all the school tasks or positive behavior they need to accomplish and an approach to recording and earning rewards. Therapists can also consider the introduction of negative consequences if children fail to complete their work. This can be done in a sensitive and supportive manner. Metacognitive Therapy A newer form of therapy, metacognitive therapy, helps people change the way they think. This kind of therapy can be beneficial to those who suffer from a variety mental health problems like depression. It is a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy which assists people in recognizing negative thoughts and their impact on their emotions. This type of therapy can also assist in the acquisition of psychological tools that are able and useful. treatment of add of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. In order to do this, we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive knowledge, regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management, and Evaluation). The results showed that comprehensive knowledge was linked to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, it was not associated with regulatory processes. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power, which suggests they could be the cause of significant variations in the daily functioning of people with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an treatment which focuses on reversing dysfunctional metacognitive belief patterns that perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination, or attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on a model of information processing by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating illness anxiety disorder. However, it's still an emerging treatment and further research will be needed to determine if it could help with other disorders. This study was created to assess the effectiveness of MCT to alleviate symptoms of illness anxiety disorder. However, it can be used to treat various disorders and could be more effective than any other treatment. This isn't a cure, but it could be utilized to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy the therapist works with the whole family. Everyone can gain a better understanding of the client's needs and learn how they can help their loved family members. It also helps them find ways to cope with their own anxieties and develop healthier communication skills. This type of counseling can be used to tackle comorbid conditions, such as addiction and depression, which are often seen as a result of ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to gain a better understanding of the family's perception and determine if they're appropriate for family intervention. This can be conducted in person or online. The therapist will explain to each client the nature of treatment and the rules for family therapy. A therapist with experience treating adults with ADHD asks a lot questions to gain an understanding of the current symptoms, their past, and the impact that they have on their family, work, and relationships. They will also inquire whether there are any other mental health issues that are present like depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a method of counseling that is structured that helps you change your negative thoughts patterns and control your behavior. It is focused on improving your self-esteem and self-control by teaching techniques to cope with anxiety and stress. This is a short-term option that can be used in conjunction with other types psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people with ADHD deal with emotional baggage from longstanding patterns of underachievement and failure academic issues frequent job changes, and conflict in relationships. It can teach you coping and stress reduction techniques and help you manage your time and money more efficiently. It can also help with problems that are comorbid, such as depression and anxiety, which are often seen with ADHD.